References, Turkoman coins.  (In order of usefulness to the collector--not alphabetical by author)
     Go to a page on Turkoman coin types not in S&S or one on types in S&S.) 

[S&S, a.k.a. S/S] Spengler, William and Wayne Sayles, Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography, volume 1 (The Artuquids). 1992. Types 1-58.
Spengler, William and Wayne Sayles, Turkoman Figural Bronze Coins and their Iconography, volume 2 (The Zengids). 1996.  Types 59-89. 
[The purpose of the "Turkoman" web page is to list and assign ID numbers to the "Turkoman" types that didn't appear in those two volumes. Volume 3 did not appear because of the illness and death of Spengler. For some coins in S&S, see here.] 

Balog, Paul. The Coinage of the Ayyūbids, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication Number 12, 1980. Hardcover. 334 pages and 50 plates.

Broome, Michael. A Survey of the Coinage of the Seljuqs of Rom, edited and prepared for publication by Vlastimil Novak. RNS Special Publication No. 48, 2011. [A large hardcover book, 400 pages and 62 plates.]

[Mitchiner] Mitchiner, Michael. The World of Islam. HC. 1977. 4000 Islamic coins identified and illustrated in B&W photographs. Short paragraphs about each dynasty. Some scholars claim it has many errors, but I am not able to judge it and it does have very many photos. [All the photos in Mitchiner of types on this page are referenced.] 

Wilkes, Tim. Islamic Coins and Their Values, Volume 1: The Mediaeval Period. 2015. [An attractive list, illustrated in color, of Islamic coins, with no discussion.]

Whelan, Estelle, "A contribution to Danismendid history: The figured copper coins" ANSMN 25 (1980), pages 133-136 and plates 16-17. The plates say "size approximate," but coins 16.5, 17.7 and 17.12 are much larger than their images. 

Album, Stephen. A Checklist of Islamic Coins, Fourth edition manuscript. 2021. This is a [very nearly] complete list of Islamic coin types (about 4000), without photos. [This is the primary source I used. Also, Steve provided a translation for S&S 31.] 

İzmirlier, Yılmaz, Anadolu Selçuklu Paraları. The Coins of Anatolian Seljuqs. Istanbul 2009 (in Turkish & English). Album writes, "Now the standard catalog of Rûm Seljuk coinage, with more than 1550 coins beautifully illustrated and described with remarkable accuracy, but the reader must devote a few minutes to create his own table of contents." [It is very expensive and I have not seen it.]

Edhan, I. Ghalib. Catalogue des Monnies Turcomanes du Musee Imperial Ottoman. (In French) Forni reprint, 1965, of an 1874 original. 8 page-plates of excellent examples. [Adds almost nothing. Maybe it would if you can read the legends transliterated into modern Arabic.]

Glubb, John Bagot. The Lost Centuries. One of a four-part series on the history of the Islamic world. This one has a great deal about the crusaders and their foes. Glubb used many original sources in Arabic as well as the usual western secondary sources. The whole series is excellent and recommended. It is not about coins, rather history.

[BN] Hennequin, G. Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliotheque Nationale. Paris. 1985.  [I have not seen it.]

Leiser, Gary.  Gary was a great help. Many coins are varieties of S&S types. He read and transliterated the legends of the varieties. Also, he gave me worksheets written to accompany his collection which has been donated to the Hallie Ford Museum of Art at Willamette University, in Salem, Oregon. They are used with permission. 
  Gary Leiser provided translations for S&S
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 and its variety, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50.

Plant, Richard. Arabic Coins and How to Read Them. 1973. [This is not a list of types, rather lessons about how Arabic is used on coins.]

Poole, Stanley Lane. Coins of the Urtuki Turkumans (Foes of the Crusaders). 1875. Undated reprint. 48 B&W images, some are excellent line-drawings, on six pages of plates. [Superseded by Spengler and Salyes, volume 1.]

Whelan, Estelle,  The Public Figure: Political Iconography in Medieval Mesopotamia, 2006. [A reference I have not seen, but I have heard it has many errors and some poor photos. Not recommended.]

Internet: 

[DC] The C. L. David Collection of Islamic Art, in Copenhagen. The David Collection website (  https://www.davidmus.dk/ ) provided the translations for several types. Search on "coins" and click the links and click (two more clicks are required) on "EN" for "English" in the upper right, and then on "Historical Note" to expand the David Collection type page with an interesting historical note. 

Links to on-line books about Turkish coins:
https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/browse?type=lcsubc&key=Coins%2c%20Turkish&c=x


Image sources.  The images are from of the following sources. Whenever I wanted to use a digital image that I found on the web, I asked for permission to use it. The ANS and each dealer gave me written permission, for which I am thankful. 

ANS = American Numismatic Society, Islamic Coins. http://numismatics.org/search/department/Islamic   

CNG = Classical Numismatic Group, LLC.  https://cngcoins.com/   

Künker = Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG, Osnabrück, https://www.kuenker.de/en, with owner of the coin images Lübke & Wiedemann KG, Leonberg. 

PC1 = Private collection 1

Roma Numismatics Ltd. www.RomaNumismatics.com  

Stephen Album Rare Coins. http://db.stevealbum.com/php/home.php   

The "Oriental Coins Database" https://www.zeno.ru/  [I didn't use any images from here, but it is a major source with many images of obscure types.]

 

Go to a page on Turkoman coin types not in S&S or

a page on Turkoman types in S&S.

Go to the Table of Contents of this entire educational site.